Koj Puas Paub Ntau Npaum Li Cas Txog Qhov Sib Txawv Thiab Protein Peptide?

3. Cov kab peb-txheej txheej ntawm cov protein thiab ob-txheej txheem ntawm cov protein peptide

Cov txheej txheem peb txheej txheem ntawm cov protein tsis yog cov ncauj lus tshiab, thiab ob lub txheej txheem ntawm cov protein peptides tau kawm txog qhov tob. Cov kev teeb tsa no tseem nyob rau hauv peb li kev noj qab haus huv thiab kev noj qab haus huv txhua hnub.

Cov txheej txheem peb-txheej txheej ntawm cov protein yog qhov zoo rau kev ua tiav ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm nws txoj haujlwm, thiab cov txheej txheem ua noj ua haus, txheej txheem cua sov, thiab txoj kev kho tuaj yeem rhuav tshem peb txheej txheem ntawm cov protein thiab ua rau nws tsis ua haujlwm. Txawm li cas los xij, ua qhov no feem ntau yuav muab peb cov txiaj ntsig, xws li qab qab thiab zaub mov nyab xeeb. Hauv kev siv roj ntsha enzymatic hydrolysis thev naus laus zis, peb feem ntau siv kev hloov pauv kub thiab kua qaub-hloov pauv los hloov cov txheej txheem peb lub cev ntawm cov protein, thiaj li npaj los tom qab muaj enzymatic hydrolysis.

Qhov tseeb, txoj ntsiab cai thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua kom muaj zog ntawm cov tsiaj protein zoo sib xws rau peb txoj kev ua noj hauv tsev txhua hnub. Piv txwv li, cov kua zaub nyob rau sab qab teb: thawj zaug, siab kub yog siv los ua kom tsis muaj protein nyob hauv cov nqaij thiab pob txha. Lub sijhawm no, cov protein tau cog lus los ntawm cua sov, thiab cov qauv peb-sab yog qhov me me thiab tuaj yeem tua tau. Nws tua tau cov kab mob feem ntau, tab sis nws tsis haum rau kev siv tshuaj lom tam sim ntawd. Enzymatic hydrolysis muaj cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua hauv cov kab ke aqueous. Yog li, nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau hloov hluav taws kub hauv tsev thiab ua noj qeeb qeeb, yog li ntawd cov qauv peb-txheej ntawm cov protein yog maj mam muab pov tseg hauv dej npau Lub hydrophilic ib feem tshwm nyob rau hauv tus qauv, yog li tsim cov yaj macromolecular si. Thaum peb txheej txheem ntawm lub ntsej muag raug puas ntsoog, qee qhov pub dawb amino acids tso tawm, yog li ntawd cov khoom noj tau nthuav tawm ib qho tshwj xeeb thiab qab qab. Hauv kev tsim cov protein tawm, peb siv kev kho qhov kub thiab txias, cov txheej txheem no tseem tuaj yeem tua cov kab mob feem ntau, thiab vim tias qhov kub yuav tsis nce sai, peb txheej txheem ntawm cov protein yuav tsis cia li poob qis, tab sis yuav muaj kev tsis sib haum thiab muaj kev sib cais loj Cov. Cov npluag protein protein tawg tau zoo sib xws hauv cov qauv thiab qhov loj me, thiab kuj muaj qee cov amino acids dawb hauv cov tawg, thiab cov khoom poob hauv cov txheej txheem tom qab enzymatic hydrolysis tseem yuav raug txo kom tsawg.

Peb txhua tus paub tias ntxiv me ntsis ntsev rau kua txiv tom kawg yuav ua rau nws qab qab dua. Lub ntsiab lus yog tias peb txheej txheem ntawm cov protein yog maj mam tawg thaum lub sijhawm ua khoom noj los ua cov kua dej me me-soluble protein lwg me me. Cov lwg me no tseem muaj qee yam peb-seem. Cov Qauv. Thaum ntsev ntxiv, nws txhawb nqa ntxiv rau kev txiav txim siab ntawm peb-seem ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov protein thiab tawm ntau cov amino acids, uas ua rau cov kua zaub qab dua. Yog li ntawd, hauv kev lag luam, peb siv txoj kev siv roj ntsha enzymatic hydrolysis ua kom zoo thiab muaj ntau yam ua kom cov txheej txheem yaj ploj mus rau ob-txheej qauv mus rau ob-txheej qauv amino acids. Qhov peb-txheej qauv tsim cov qauv molecules tom qab nruab nrab-ntsuas kub ua tsis tau zoo thiab tsis ua haujlwm, ua ib feem ntawm lawv. Hydrophilic pab pawg. Tab sis los ntawm cov qauv, tseem muaj ntau txoj haujlwm nrog qee yam tshuaj lom neeg, uas yooj yim los cuam tshuam, los ua ib qho, lossis tsim ib qho qauv nrog dej, yog li cov kua protein muaj qee yam viscosity nyob rau lub sijhawm no, thiab nws yog qhov yooj yim los tsim ua npuas ncauj thaum nplawm, thiab npaus tsis yooj yim kom ploj. Cov. Cov roj ntsha amino acid me me uas tau hloov mus rau hauv ob-txheej tsim muaj cov qauv yooj yim, thiab cov pab pawg hydrophilic tau tso tawm thiab nthuav tawm rau qhov loj tshaj, ua rau lub viscosity ntawm nws cov kua aqueous tsis muaj zog thiab ze rau lub xeev cov dej.

Qhov sib txawv ntawm ob-qib thiab peb-txheej qauv ntawm qib microscopic tau ua rau cov duab ntawm cov kua protein ntawm qib macroscopic tau hloov. Cov tshwm sim no tseem tseem siv los txiav txim siab qhov degree thiab kev vam meej ntawm cov tshuaj tiv thaiv microscopic hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov protein tawm los ntawm cov roj ntsha enzymatic hydrolysis. Raws li ob txheej txheem tsim, ntau cov amino acids dawb pom, thiab cov acidity hauv lub system maj mam ua kom muaj zog, sib sau ua cov kua qaub acidic peptide tov me ntsis.

Nyob rau hauv cov protein enzymatic hydrolysis technology, lub ntiaj teb me me thiab lub ntiaj teb macroscopic tau zoo sib xws, thiab txhua qhov kev hloov pauv thiab lub xeev muaj kev sib txuam. Ntev npaum li kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov duab peb txheej ntawm cov protein thiab ob-txheej txheem ntawm cov protein peptide raug saib, cov roj ntsha enzymes tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo dua Txoj kev daws teeb meem. Cov kev ua lom neeg thiab nqi ntawm cov protein peptides nrog ob lub qauv tsim tau zoo dua yog piv nrog cov protein nrog cov duab peb-txheej. Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, qee qhov kev ua raws roj ntsha ntawm cov qauv peb-txheej kuj tseem ua kom tsis muaj zog, uas yog qhov tsim nyog rau tib neeg lub cev nqus thiab siv. Lub ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein peptides yuav piav qhia ntxiv tom qab. Ob lub txheej txheem ntawm cov protein peptides thiab lawv cov kev siv tshuaj biomedical yog tam sim no ib qho ntawm cov khoom kub hauv kev ua teb ntawm biomedicine, thiab lub hnub nyoog ntawm lub neej kawm keeb kwm yuav qhib lub sijhawm tshiab ntawm kev loj hlob.

4. Nws puas yog khoom noj khoom haus lossis tshuaj? Qhov tseeb ua haujlwm ntawm protein peptides

Tau muaj cov neeg uas tau tshaj tawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein peptides, cov protein, thiab cov roj ntsha me molecule, thiab tseem muaj ntau qhov tsis ntseeg. Puas yog cov protein peptide puas muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo uas txhawb nqa? Cia' s sim ua qhov kev ntsuas los ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov pom ntawm qhov ncaj thiab qhov kev txiav txim siab.

Ua ntej tshaj plaws, peb hais meej qhov sib txawv ntawm cov protein peptides thiab cov protein: Qhov yooj yim muab, peptides protein yog ib feem ntawm cov protein. Ntau cov protein peptides yog ua ke rau hauv cov roj ntsha protein. Lawv muaj qee lub zog loj heev. Proteins tuaj yeem raug hydrolyzed, acid-puag los yog cov pa roj ntsha enzymes. Decomposed rau hauv peptides protein, ntxiv dag zog yuam thaum kawg tuaj yeem tau txais cov amino acids dawb. Nws zoo nkaus li tias vim tias peptide protein yog ib feem ntawm cov protein, nws puas tseem muaj qee yam kev ua haujlwm lom thiab ua haujlwm? Los yog nws tsuas yog muaj cov protein ua haujlwm tau txheeb raws roj ntsha?

Qhov tseeb, amino acids tsis yooj yim thiab tsis haum peptides protein peptides. Ib yam li peb ua lub tsheb, txhua qhov sib xyaw ua ke nws tus kheej muaj nuj nqi thiab cov yam ntxwv: lub txim hluav taws xob tuaj yeem tsim hluav taws xob, cov tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem hloov lub zog hluav taws xob rau hauv cov lus tsa suab, thiab crankshafts yog sib phim nrog pistons. Lub ntsiab yog hloov mus rau cov lus tsa suab rau lub log iav teeb ... thiab ntau yam khoom siv tau txuas ua ke rau hauv lub cav, thiab ntau yam kev teeb tsa thaum kawg ua ke rau hauv tsheb. Txawm hais tias lub tsheb muaj macro ua haujlwm, tib lub sijhawm, txhua feem, txawm tias ntsia hlau, kuj muaj nws tus kheej kev ua haujlwm, txawm tias nws tsis siv hauv tsheb, nws kuj tuaj yeem siv hauv lwm qhov chaw sib koom ua ke! Qhov no tsis yog tsuas yog nyob rau qib khoom noj khoom haus, tab sis kuj ntawm qib kev ua haujlwm lom.

Hauv 30 xyoo dhau los, Nobel nqi zog hauv Biology tau tshawb fawb ntau ntawm cov peptides protein, thiab cov txiaj ntsig tau hloov maj mam hloov tib neeg lub neej Txawm hais tias qee qhov kev tshaj tawm kev lag luam, nrog tib neeg txoj kev nkag siab thiab nkag siab txog cov thev naus laus zis sib txuas, lub tuam txhab kev tsim khoom lag luam tau zoo dua, thiab cov khoom lag luam zoo tau nkag mus hauv kev ua lag luam, tib neeg' s lub neej noj qab nyob zoo yuav tau zoo dua thiab zoo dua. Nov yog qee qhov kev zam ntawm cov khoom plig Nobel ua kom tiav kom nkag siab cov protein peptides los ntawm lwm qhov kev xav:

Nyob rau xyoo 1984, American biochemist Robert Bruce Merrifield tshawb pom peptides, uas ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, cov metabolism, kab mob, kev laus, thiab kev tuag, thiab yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv Chemistry xyoo ntawd.

Xyoo 1986, Italian biologist Rita Levi-Montalcini thiab American biologist Stanley Cohen ua qhov kev tshawb fawb tob ntawm peptides thiab pom tias peptides tuaj yeem kho cov kab mob puas hlwb, tswj kev ua lub neej ntawm tes, ua kom cov hlwb laus, tswj kev cuam tshuam ntawm cov metabolism hauv lub cev, thiab Cov kev ua kom huv si ntawm cov kab ke loj ntawm tib neeg lub cev tau ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev txhawb nqa, thiab yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv kev kho mob rau xyoo ntawd.

Xyoo 1993, Dr. Allen Siber ua kev tshawb fawb txog kev tshawb fawb ntawm peptides hauv kev kho mob teb ntawm kev kho, kho, thiab ua kom cov tib neeg lub hlwb thiab noob. Nws cov nqi ntau dua li cov tshuaj pom hauv tib neeg keeb kwm. Qhov kev tshawb fawb tshawb fawb tau dhau los Nws ua rau nws yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel xyoo ntawd.

Nyob rau xyoo 1999, Professor Gunter Blobel los ntawm Tebchaws Asmeskas tau pom tias lub teeb liab peptides tswj kev thauj khoom protein thiab yeej qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv Chemistry.

Xyoo 2000, Swedish tus kws tshawb fawb Arvid Carlsson tau txais qhov khoom plig Nobel hauv Chemistry rau nws qhov kev tshawb fawb txog cov txheej txheem molecular ntawm lub paj hlwb cov xov xa tawm cov protein.

Hauv xyoo 2015, Asmeskas& Turkish tus kws tshawb fawb Aziz Sancar, kws tshawb fawb Swedish Tomas Lindahl thiab kws tshawb fawb Asmeskas Paul Modrich yeej qhov khoom plig ntawm Nobel hauv Chemistry vim nrhiav pom tias peptides yog cov cuab yeej siv los kho DNA hauv hlwb.

Los ntawm cov ntsiab lus saum toj no, nws tsis yog qhov nyuaj kom pom tau tias cov protein peptides tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom noj khoom haus yooj yooj yim li cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis kuj tseem muaj cov khoom tseem ceeb rau tib neeg lub cev, koom nrog ntau yam kev ua haujlwm ntawm physiological thiab cov txheej txheem hauv lub cev. Tib neeg lub cev kev noj cov protein peptides tsis yog tsuas yog muab zom rau hauv cov amino acids rau kev rov txais, tab sis tuaj yeem cuam tshuam mus los ntawm qee yam. Cov protein peptides nqus mus rau hauv lub cev tsis yog tsuas yog cov khoom noj protein tsim khoom noj khoom haus, tab sis ua si ntau lub luag haujlwm ntawm physiological. Txhawb nqa lossis txhawb qee qhov kev tawm dag zog ntawm lub cev hauv lub cev. Qhov no kuj piav qhia txog vim li cas cov kua protein thiab nqaij nyug protein zoo sib xws los ntawm cov theem pib amino acid ntau, tab sis noj kua taum protein thiab nqaij nyug protein, muaj qhov sib txawv pom tseeb hauv kev qhia txog lub cev ntawm tib neeg lub cev.

Ntawm qhov tod tes, cov protein peptides hydrolyzed los ntawm cov tsiaj txhu tsiaj thiab cov nroj tsuag tej zaum yuav muaj ntau cov kev ua haujlwm metabolism hauv kev ua haujlwm uas peb tau saib dhau los. Tej zaum nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm kev ua cov tshuaj suav suav, qee yam muaj protein peptides ntau dua li kev noj haus. Lub luag haujlwm, tab sis los ntawm kev hloov kho lub cev metabolism hauv nruab nrog cev lossis tshuaj lom neeg lub cev, yog li tau qhia tshwj xeeb cov khoom siv tshuaj. Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog lub zeem muag tshiab tshiab rau kev sib tawg hauv kev kho tshiab ntawm suav tshuaj.

Hauv ntej, yog cov protein peptides tsis yog cov khoom noj muaj txiaj ntsig, cov protein peptides sib txawv yuav tsum muaj qee yam kev ua si lom zem thiab muaj nqi tshuaj. Txoj hauv kev noj cov protein peptides tuaj yeem ua rau lub plab hnyuv ntau dua thiab txhim kho kev nqus thiab siv ntawm cov khoom peptide protein. Tseem muaj ntau qhov tsis meej thiab chaw rau kev tshawb nrhiav hauv thaj teb ntawm protein peptides. Nrog kev nkag siab ntau ntxiv thiab kev tshawb nrhiav hauv, qhov kev lag luam protein peptide yuav muaj tseeb tsim nqi ntau dua.